Europe

Some of Europe’s most famous leaders govern in the early modern period. Napoleon, Peter the Great, and Charles XII change and challenge Europe. Religion and religious ideas are transformed as new ideas move across Europe developing science, economics and culture, all of which are covered in this section. Read more

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  • The New History of the Spanish Inquisition

    Article

    Helen Rawlings reviews the recent literature which has prompted a fundamental reappraisal of the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition — first established in 1478 in Castile under Queen Isabella I and suppressed in 1834 by Queen Isabella II — has left its indelible mark on the whole course of Spain’s...

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  • The Spanish Armada of...1597?

    Article

    Graham Darby gives an anniversary account of the later Spanish Armadas, long forgotten, but comparable in size and as threatening to contemporaries as the more famous Armada of 1588. As every schoolboy and schoolgirl should know, the Spanish Armada set sail in 1588: ‘God blew and they were scattered.’ However,...

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